تعريفات علمية من دورة الخلية

A series of stages that a eukaryotic cell passes through: G1, S, G2, and M. Includes growth, DNA replication, and division.

The division of the nucleus during mitosis or meiosis.

Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells after nuclear division.

The structure that organizes and separates chromosomes during mitosis.

Identical copies of a chromosome connected at the centromere.

A protein structure on the centromere that attaches to spindle fibers.

Sister chromatids that have been separated and move to cell poles.

A pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes with the same genes at the same loci.

Specific locations of genes on a chromosome.

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

Stage of Prophase I where crossing over and chiasmata formation occurs.

Structure of two homologous chromosomes with four chromatids.

Points where crossing over has occurred between chromatids.

Variation resulting from crossing over, random alignment, and mutations.

A permanent change in DNA sequence that may affect gene function.

Agents that cause mutations such as chemicals and radiation.

Highly reactive molecules that damage DNA structures.

A variation at a single nucleotide position in the genome, causing genetic differences.